About 70 per cent of volcanic eruptions in India’s Deccan Plateau occurred towards the end of the Maastrichtian era, which represents the last few hundred thousand years of the Cretaceous Period and immediately preceding the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, a study has found.
The volcanic activity dominantly contributed to environmental toxicity resulting in the mass extinction event, findings published in The Geological Society of America Bulletin journal show.
Dated to 66 million years ago, the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary marks the mass extinction event, completely destroying non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and many marine organisms. The event is attributed to impact due to an asteroid.
Researchers, including those from the Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management and Fergusson College, Pune, said their computation of the space-time distribution shows that 1.5 million cubic kilometres of the Deccan flood basalts erupted in the 7,00,000 years during the geological time range of 66.31-65.73 Ma (Mega-annum), straddling the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary event.
“Unlike earlier projections, we demonstrate that (nearly) 70 per cent of these lavas erupted in the terminal Maastrichtian before the KPgB (Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary),” the authors wrote.
The toxic degassing of the lavas in the 3,00,000 years prior to the KPgB set the stage for mass extinction, they said. Hazardous gases and aerosols are released into the atmosphere both during and after an eruption as part of the degassing process.
The researchers coupled geochronology with previously published paleomagnetics and paleontological data of sediments associated with the Deccan volcanic.
The analysis “concludes that earlier temporal distribution of the Deccan lavas was open to revision and that the late Maastrichtian flood basalt volcanism was magnitudes larger than the Danian volcanism in this province (Deccan Volcanic Province).”
The findings remove ambiguity about the environmental impact of the volcanism during the terminal Cretaceous times, the authors said.
“We conclude that the late Maastrichtian Deccan volcanism was the dominant contributor to the environmental crisis resulting in the TCME (Terminal Cretaceous Mass Extinction),” they said.
